Education Essay Example for Free

Training Essay The most unmistakable case of a proper setting in the book is school. Be that as it may, Scout doesn't gain much from school. This can be examplified by the way that when Scout can peruse superior to the educator, Miss Caroline Fisher had expected, Miss Caroline Fisher advised her to disclose to her dad to quit showing her how to peruse. Rather than helping Scout to improve her perusing, Mrs Fisher is obstructing Scouts learning process. This shows schools don't oblige offspring of various capacities and Scouts learning is confined in school. Subsequently, school isn't the main spot where a youngster learns. Jem and Scout take in virtues from Atticus. This is examplified by the numerous qualities Atticus shows them, for example, moral boldness and to go to bat for what one accepts is correct. Atticus brought his youngsters up to treat the blacks and the whites as equivalents. At the point when Scout advises Atticus to send Calpurnia away, Atticus disclosed to Scout that they couldn't endure a day without Calpurnia and he advised Scout to mind her. Scout discovered that she needed to treat Calpurnia (a Negro) like how she would treat a White and to be conscious towards Calpurnia. Jem admires Atticus and attempts to imitate him. This is on the grounds that Atticus is a decent good example and a decent dad. Jem gains from Atticus to have the ethical boldness to battle for what is correct. This is clear as Atticus went all out to battle for Tom Robinson as he accepted that Tom was guiltless. Atticus did this despite the fact that he realized that he would confront serious analysis from the individuals in Mycomb and that he would put his life and his childrens in danger. From the model he sets, Jem can figure out how to have the ethical fortitude to battle for what is correct. Henceforth, Jem and Scout do learn in casual settings. Jem additionally figured out how to have the mental fortitude to do what one chooses to do. This is apparent from Jems experience with Mrs. Dubose. Mrs Dubose is a morphine fiend and she made a decent attempt to dispose of her enslavement. Mrs. Dubose sets a morning timer and made Jem read to her as he resented what she said and remove the highest point of her shrubberies. At the point when the morning timer rings, it would stamp the finish of Jems understanding time. During this timeframe when Jem is perusing, Mrs Dubose will abstain from taking morphine. She utilized this technique to attempt to dispose of her morphine enslavement. To additionally detailed, Mrs. Dubose was valiant to attempt to dispose of her morphine dependence as it was an agonizing procedure. Mrs. Dubose was practically biting the dust however she needed to leave the world obligated to nothing so she attempted her absolute best to dispose of her compulsion and showed a solid feeling of boldness. Jem gained from Mrs. Dubose that regardless of how difficult the procedure is, one ought to have the boldness and assurance to achieve it. Henceforth, Jem do learn in a casual setting. Jem and Scout additionally picked up information from another experience that Calpurnia indicated them. This is apparent as Calpurnia gave them how it resembled in a Negro church. By visiting their congregation, they found out about the distinction in the states of the Negroes church and their congregation. They likewise studied Tom Robinsons situation when Scout asked Calpurnia for what good reason the minister requests a gift from everybody to help Tom Robinsons spouse accommodate her children. From these, the youngsters were to some degree progressively mindful of the separation occurring in Maycomb.

Was World War 2 Essays - Military History By Country,

Was World War 2 A Conitnuation Of World War 1? One could make the contention that World War II was only a continuation of World War I, in spite of the reality an extremely late one. Roughly twenty years isolated the two however the impacts of World War I certainly added to the beginning of World War II, for example, the Treaty of Versailles and the quest for exhaustive thoughts (Fascism and socialism) because of the awful states of various nations after the Great War. Publically be that as it may, the two wars are viewed as independent clashes. Then again, it could be contended that, except if you eradicate everybody on one side, the finish of a war consistently leaves incomplete business that are the seeds of the following war. World War I depended on dominion, militarism, and patriotism. The war occurred in Europe as its fight grounds. It began with the death of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in the year 1914 during his movements to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Bosnia was in the extremely south-east corner of the Austrian realm and a few people there needed to be free from Austria and set up their own state which could run itself. Franz Ferdinand had been cautioned that his visit could incite inconvenience yet he disregarded this counsel and visited Sarajevo in any case. As was normal at that point, he went in an open beat vehicle. Precisely one month following the death, Austria-Hungary announced war on Serbia. The war isolated Europe into two furnished camps - on one side was the Triple Alliance made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and their foe was the Triple Entente of France, Russia and Great Britain. As different nations joined sides, the Triple Alliance got known as the Central Powers and the Triple Entente turned into the Allied Forces. The United States endeavored to stay unbiased and was an advocate for the privileges of impartial states. Neutralist international strategy was empowered by Congress' fears about giving different nations a political entryway into US arrangements and the social mixture of the United States' populace. Disregarding these elements, the United States entered World War I, because of a few occasions. In 1917 upon the interest of The United States, with about one million soldiers in the line before the finish of the war, the American nearness at last persuaded the Germans that the war couldn't be won; they had figured out how to win a war of weakening with France and Britain, yet the deluge of an unending flexibly of American soldiers implied that there was no chance Germany could win. By November 1918, the composing was on the divider and on 11 November 1918, the weapons fell quiet along the whole line as a truce was marked, flag ging the finish of the war. In January President Wilson went to Paris for the harmony gathering that would prompt the Treaty of Versailles, he came furnished with his Fourteen Points, an optimistic arrangement to reorder Europe with the United States as a model for the remainder of the world. He neglected to increase the vast majority of what he needed as the French and British were progressively disposed towards a wrathful harmony, requiring repayments from Germany, than to any optimistic solicitations of the United States. The League of Nations, the one triumph Wilson oversaw at the meeting, was never supported by the United States Senate, and, without the United States, it bombed as a weak association that fallen despite German and Japanese animosity during the 1930s. Before the finish of World War 1, finished the four significant supreme forces - The German, Austro-Hungarian, Russia and Ottoman domains. The German and Russian domains lost a significant measure of land and regions, while the other two were pulled separated. The guide of Europe was redrawn with a few free countries reestablished or made. The League of Nations framed with the expectation of forestalling any return of such a dreadful clash. This objective fizzled, with debilitated states, reestablished European patriotism and the embarrassment of Germany adding to the ascent of one party rule and the conditions for World War II. (5) It has been composed that World War I left Germany bankrupt

Psychoanalysis for Social Anxiety Disorder

Psychoanalysis for Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print Psychoanalysis of Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 17, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Rolf Bruderer / Getty Images Psychoanalysis for social anxiety disorder (SAD) is based on psychodynamic theory, which was originally attributed to Sigmund Freud. From a psychodynamic perspective, social anxiety disorder is believed to be part of a larger problem that develops during childhood. Scientists with this perspective view anxiety as a disorder of childhood origin. Therefore, they see your social anxiety as resulting from your early experiences and attachments to your caregivers and other important people in your life. Psychoanalysis Versus  Psychodynamic Therapy While these terms are often used interchangeably, psychoanalysis refers to intense long-term psychotherapy, whereas psychodynamic therapy is brief in format. While psychoanalysis might involve meeting several times a week over a period of years, psychodynamic therapy can take place in as little as 15 weeks with once-a-week meetings.?? How Does Psychoanalytic Therapy Work? In this way, psychodynamic therapy is more similar to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in terms of its format. Whereas a certified psychoanalyst will conduct psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy can be administered by any psychologist trained in this orientation.?? Psychodynamic Theory of Social Anxiety Disorder Although there is no comprehensive psychoanalytic theory of SAD, there are several beliefs about the origins of social anxiety from this perspective. Each of these conflicts is believed to result in shame, social withdrawal, insecurity, and low self-esteem. Origins of Social Anxiety An expectation of shame and humiliation elicited by critical or harsh parentsA conflict between your need to achieve and succeed, and your fear of successA conflict between your need for independence and fear of rejection or abandonment by your parentsNarcissistic fear of being unable to make a perfect impression Psychodynamic Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder The goal of psychodynamic therapy for SAD is to uncover underlying conflicts believed to cause the disorder and work through these issues.?? Your mental health professional will work with you to determine the unique conflicts and childhood issues that may be linked to your social anxiety. In addition, your therapist will discuss potential issues that may affect therapy and are unique to social anxiety disorder. For example, you may find yourself expecting that your therapist will judge you negatively. Or, you may have trouble trusting your therapist. Can Clients and Therapists Be Friends? Relevant Research Findings In a 2013 study, 495 patients with social anxiety disorder received either cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, or were put on a wait-list (control condition).?? The patients  were given assessments (e.g., the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale) at the start of the study and then again at the end of treatment. Patients receiving CBT showed response to treatment in 60% of cases, while those who received psychodynamic therapy responded in 52% of cases.?? Those who were put on the waitlist only showed improvement in 15% of cases. In terms of remission over time, 36% of those who received CBT remained in remission, compared to 26% who received psychodynamic therapy and 9% who were put on the wait-list.?? These findings show  that receiving CBT or psychodynamic therapy is better than being on a waitlist both in the short and long term. However, cognitive-behavioral therapy  appears to be more helpful than psychodynamic therapy when it comes to treatment effects lasting over the long term for social anxiety disorder. In a 2014 study of CBT versus psychodynamic psychotherapy for SAD, both treatments were found to be equally effective. In another 2014 study of the long-term outcomes of CBT and psychodynamic therapy for social anxiety disorder, participants were followed for 24 months. Response rates were about 70% for both treatments at 2-year follow-up and remission rates were nearly 40% for both.?? This suggests that both CBT and psychodynamic therapy may be helpful for SAD. How CBT Can Treat Social Anxiety Disorder Finally, in a 2016 multi-center trial  of patient characteristics that predict outcomes of psychodynamic psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder, it was found that the most important predictor of treatment outcomes was the level of severity of social anxiety prior to treatment.?? This means that your doctor should consider how severe your symptoms are when choosing the best type of therapy for your situation. A Word From Verywell Based on current research evidence, psychodynamic therapy is likely as good as CBT in terms of immediate improvement. However, over the long-term, cognitive-behavioral therapy may be more effective. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

After researching informational texts on modern and...

After researching informational texts on modern and historical revolutions, write an essay that compares a modern revolution to the French revolution and argues the significance of each. Mikayla Hammers World Studies Revolutions essay March 11, 2014 The French revolution and the Arab Spring revolution are comparable and both play significant roles. Many aspects of the revolutions from the causes to aftermath in the Middle East can resemble those that happened in France. All of which plays significant roles in people gaining rights, freedom, and respect. The first stage of a revolution is the political, social, intellectual, or economic causes or reasons why people want change. The French and Arab spring revolutions both have some†¦show more content†¦During this time women even walked to Versailles to demand food and pay. After separating themselves from the monarchy they stormed the Bastille in case of war and had a night of speeches where they focused on liberty, equality, and fraternity. The National Assembly even wrote the â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens.† Both revolutions have dealt with the symptoms phase somewhat differently but both have gotten or are getting responses. The third stag e of the revolution is known as the crisis. This is where conflict happens between sides for or against the revolution. Revolutions can sometimes fail during this period. Riots can get very aggressive during this time and there may also be wars. Some places in the Middle East like Yemen have resorted to things like tear gas to fight the protesters. Some governments used rubber bullets and others fired live rounds. However, in France a war was declared by the legislative assembly in 1792. The Egyptian people kicked their president, Hosni Mubarak, out of power. Although France did not kick anyone out, both revolutions have executed people during this phase. Muammar al-Gaddafi, ruler of Libya, was pulled out of a tunnel system and was shot and killed. The French revolutionaries beheaded King Louis XVI and his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette, using a guillotine. Something different that the French did was create many new governments. They made three to be exact: the Legislative Assembly, the NationalShow MoreRelatedHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 Pagessubject to divide it into its parts. You might consider narrowing it in relation to pertinent time periods or certain examples, features, uses, and causes. The paper you are usually asked to write in English class is an evaluative research paper which goes beyond mere reporting of facts found in an informational research paper. Rather, it may address solutions to a problem, determine causes or effects, formulate evidence to prove or disprove, compare or contrast, assess, analyze or interpret. By presentingRead MoreA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 Pageswomen, who take the sport just as seriously as the men, but rarely, if ever, get the kind of representation men receive in the media industry. They also get no political influence and little national recognition. Defence: The problem is worth researching for several reasons. Although soccer is the central sport discussed in Bar-On’s research, the gender issue is the same for most if not all professional sports: women never get the same recognition men receive for their achievement. 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An Enterprise Security Architecture - 2176 Words

It is the common experience of many corporate organisations that information security solutions are often designed, acquired and installed on a tactical basis. A requirement is identified, a specification is developed and a solution is sought to meet that situation. In this process there is no opportunity to consider the strategic dimension, and the result is that the organisation builds up a mixture of technical solutions on an ad hoc basis, each independently designed and specified and with no guarantee that they will be compatible and interoperable. There is often no analysis of the long-term costs, especially the operational costs which make up a large proportion of the total cost of ownership, and there is no strategy that can be†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, information systems security is only a small part of information security, information assurance or information risk management (these terms have a certain amount of inter-changeability), which in turn is but o ne part of a wider topic: business security. Business security embraces three major areas: information security; business continuity; physical and environmental security. Broader still is the view that business security is concerned with all aspects of operational risk management. Only through an integrated approach to these broad aspects of business security will it be possible for the enterprise to make the most cost-effective and beneficial decisions with regard to the management of operational risk. The enterprise security architecture and the security management process should therefore embrace all of these areas. Fundamental requirements The main goal of enterprise information security is to protect the valuable resources of an organization. Such as information, hardware and software. Through applying the appropriate safety measures, the enterprise security supports the organization in achieving its objectives by protecting the employees, financial resources, reputation, and other tangibles and intangibles. Security Model In order for an organization to develop a cohesive and coherent security model it is essential for the organization to have an

Eminem and Craig David Free Essays

In this speech, I am talking about two very famous singers, Eminem and Craig David. They are both very brilliant at making songs but in there own and very different ways. Eminem is generally known for all the swearing in all his songs, well he is known for that by the parents at least. We will write a custom essay sample on Eminem and Craig David or any similar topic only for you Order Now He has had to face the courts due to too many parents complaining that Eminem is too influential on there children in a very bad way. He always makes a clean version of his album so his daughter, Hailey can listen to his songs in her little cassette player. He always puts her first. He believes that fame is nothing without being able to share it with his daughter and wife. Eminem has made many friends in the music industry, such as his protà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, Dr Dre. He has also made a pact with snoop dogg, d12, dido and many other singers. Whereas Craig David has not made a song with anyone and has not shown that he has any celebrity friends, at least in his songs, this could mean he is a true solo artist, or he is a lonely person. Both of these artists had a low point in there career but the both eventually came back. Eminem came back with a song called ‘without me’ saying that he is back and you should tell a friend, and that he has got through all his law suits. Craig David recently came back with ‘what’s your flava’ comparing ice cream to a lady, in the end his favourite flavour is chocolate. I did not really like this song. Craig David uses his vocal talent to a high extent to a create a beat that people like. He mainly talks about ladies in songs, like in his latest song, ‘eenie meenie’. Eminem does not really sing, he raps giving the song a great beat that has a lot of rhyming in it, you can feel his emotion when he sings in his songs, showing he has passion towards certain songs. He normally bases his songs on the way of life, past experiences he claims to have had, situations and things he loves or hates. In his album, the Eminem show, he has dedicated a song to Hailey showing that he really loves her. I think that Eminem’s songs are brilliant but some might say that they are depressing and has bad influence on people, but I don’t think that. Craig David is very good when he wants to be, his song ‘what your flava’ was not that good in my opinion because he had not written a song in a while and I figure he was a little out of touch. But his other song eenie meenie is brilliant because he is mixing different styles of music making a brilliant tune in my opinion. Overall, I think that they are both good but Eminem is a lot better and down to Earth and has more meaning in his songs. How to cite Eminem and Craig David, Papers

Healthy Foods free essay sample

Foods In order to maintain a healthy lifestyle it is very important to eat healthy and exercise everyday. The food pyramid is scientist proven to be a need for everyone. Everyone must eat fruits, vegetables, proteins, oils, fats, grains, and dairy products daily and regularly to maintain a healthy and balanced nutritional diet. One of the major food groups would have to be grains. Now grains are a very important part of the food pyramid, it’s the biggest section actually. This section includes bread, rice, cereal, oatmeal, and many many more options to choose from. Grains help keep your body active and alert. Proteins, is another large area of nutritional value in your diet. Proteins are products such as beans, and meats. These help you gain muscle for strength and stamina. Protein size portions also known as proportions are all based on whether you are a male or female, your age, and your weight. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Foods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fruits and vegetables have to be a habit in your lifestyle. Remember to eat a rainbow every day, it will make a difference. Red apples, orange oranges, yellow bananas, green spinach, blue blueberries, purple grapes are just one example of a rainbow. Make your own and different unique rainbow fit in your day every day. Fruits and vegetables are considered the food for the brain. Milk, eggs, yogurt are just some of the few dairy products there are though. If you want to grow tall and strong, and have bright white healthy teeth make sure to have plenty of dairy in your menu throughput the day. Dairy helps keep the bone marrow you have always active so your bones can be tough enough to go through a lot. Your teeth are also bones so dairy also helps them stay healthy and strong. Fats and oils are things that your body also must have although ever too much. Portions are a big factor in this food group because too much fat and oils are not good for you. Also never forget to exercise at least thirty minutes daily the exercise will help your blood get pumping helping you stay awake and focused for the day. So this concludes that and I hope this explains the importance of a healthy diet and lifestyle.

China Department Stores Essay Example

China Department Stores Essay China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 Department stores in China, 2009 IN THIS ISSUE : I. Overview II. Operation modes of department stores in China III. Developments of market players IV. Challenges V. Recent developments VI. Conclusion 10 11 19 †¢ 6 †¢ 2 4 Overview †¢ †¢ Department stores in China have enjoyed many years of boom, achieving a compound annual growth rate of 30% between 2003 and 2008. Sales momentum for department stores has deteriorated towards the end of 2008 as consumer cut back on discretionary and luxury spending; but there are recent signs of picking-up growth. Operation modes of department stores in China †¢ Department stores operators in China generate revenue from 1) commissions on concessionaire sales, 2) merchandise direct sales, 3) rental income from store tenants, and 4) management fee etc. Commissions from concessionaire sales are the predominant source of income. Developments of market players †¢ †¢ The competitive landscape for department stores in China is highly fragmented with no significant market leader. Foreign players tend to have wider national footprints and they mainly target the country’s high-income class. Domestic department stores operators mainly focus on regional markets. Challenges †¢ Department stores operators in China are often said to be acting like landlords – renting floor space to concessionaires or tenants and paying little attention to differentiation and brand management. Undifferentiated players have resorted to price competition to boost sales, hurting companies’ same-store-sales growth and eroding their margins. Other formats such as specialty stores and retail cannibalization are posing great challenges to department stores. †¢ †¢ Recent developments †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Lower-tier cities are the expansion focus. Department store operators focus on upgrading and differentiation. We will write a custom essay sample on China Department Stores specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on China Department Stores specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on China Department Stores specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is growing attention to transform merchandising practices. Export-oriented manufacturers pay growing attention to domestic market brings new potential for department store operators to expand merchandise mix. Department stores operators are grasping attention in the capital market. Many department stores operators have embarked on real estate strategies. Some department stores have explored the â€Å"click-and-mortar† model. Government encourages department stores players to enhance service levels and improve operation environment through awarding players with quality services. Li Fung Research Centre 13/F, LiFung Centre 2 On Ping Street Shatin, Hong Kong Tel: (852) 2635 5563 Fax: (852) 2635 1598 E-mail: [emailprotected] com http://www. lifunggroup. com/ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 Department stores in China, 2009 Department stores have long been one of the major ret ailing channels in China; they are the chief distribution channel for discretionary consumption items such as branded apparel, cosmetics, jewelry and watches, etc. In the eyes of many Chinese consumers, shopping in department stores represent quality lifestyle and status. For years, many consumer brands have viewed department stores as their top-of-choice in building their recognition in China. As Chinese consumers become growingly affluent, department stores in China has enjoyed years of rapid development in recent years. However, growth momentum of China’s department stores sales has slowed towards the end of 2008; dampened consumer spirits amid global financial crisis, increasingly fierce competition and immature management mindsets all pose challenges to China’s department stores operators. These have prompted department stores operators in China to evolve to stay competitive. Over the past few months in 2009, as China’s economy begins to demonstrate stabilized growth, sales momentum of department stores has picked up again. We believe, long-term prospect for department store sector in China is rosy, as consumption plays a bigger role in the Chinese economy. I. Overview Department stores1 have been one of the most important retail channels in China with an established history longer than other retailing channels such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, convenience stores and shopping malls. They are an important sales channel for discretionary consumption items such as branded apparel, jewelry, cosmetics and watches, etc, many of them targeting the country’s higher-income groups. Thanks to the increasing affluence and urbanization, department stores in China have enjoyed many years of boom. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS), the total sales value of department stores was 180. 1 billion yuan in 2007; the 2008 full-year sales value is yet released but the China Chain Store and Franchise Association (CCFA) and Deloitte estimate the value to reach 219. billion yuan, representing a compound annual growth rate of 30% between 2003 and 2008 (see Exhibit 1). Exhibit 1: Total sales value of department stores, 2003 2008 * Estimated value by Deloitte Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China, China Chain Store and Franchise Association and Deloitte 1 Department stores are stores with sales area between 6,000 and 20,000 m2, usually multi-stor ey, selling wide range of merchandises with emphasis on clothing and accessories, footwear, cosmetics, household items and home appliances etc. Special counters and open shelves are the chief sales formats. Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 2 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 However, department store sector has witnessed some challenges over the past year. Amid the global financial crisis, retail sales growth in China has decelerated towards the end of 2008 and sales of discretionary items are more negatively impacted. According to the CCFA, discretionary and luxury retailers were under greater pressure than previous years. Sales momentum for department stores has deteriorated as consumers cut back on discretionary and luxury spending. Exhibit 2 demonstrates the key statistics of different format retailers. As shall be seen, daily transactions for department stores have registered negative growth of 5. 2% in 2008; the decline is the second biggest among other formats. Average ticket consumption also recorded slow growth of only 1. 5% in 2008. In 1Q09, according to CCFA and Deloitte, both sales revenue and profit for department stores was down by about 5% yoy. Exhibit 2: Key statistics of different format retailers, 2008 Sales revenue (million Retail format Hypermarkets Supermarkets Department stores Convenience stores Home electronics retailers Pharmacies 501. 64 37. 06 2. 0 7. 1 729 1,724 -7. 8 -3. 8 1,901. 0 48. 2 2. 3 1. 3 10. 8 23. 1. 0 -0. 7 yuan) 212. 90 72. 42 883. 97 4. 73 yoy growth (%) 12. 4 11. 3 11. 1 12. 3 Number of Daily transactions 10,059 4,554 10,839 758 yoy growth (%) 1. 0 6. 5 -5. 2 -2. 7 Average ticket consumption (yuan) 58. 1 43. 6 226. 4 16. 2 yoy growth (%) 11. 6 4. 5 1. 5 11. 1 Gross margin (%) 12. 9 12. 9 14. 1 16. 4 yoy growth (%) 0. 3 0. 9 0. 3 0. 0 Source: Ch ina Chain Store and Franchise Association and Deloitte The China Commerce Association for General Merchandise (CCAGM) conducted a research study on 60 major department stores operators in China; in 2008, average sales revenue of major department stores operators in China was up by 15. % yoy to 183. 74 billion yuan; the growth was lower than that of 2007 (17. 8%). 86. 7% of the department stores recorded sales growth in 2008. The CCAGM also surveyed 205 of its member enterprises earlier and Exhibit 3 demonstrates some sales statistics of its member enterprises in the department store sector. Exhibit 3: Performance of the 205 membership enterprises of CCAGM, 2002-2007 2007 Sales income growth (% yoy) Sales margin (%) Sales margin growth (% yoy) 17. 8 8. 5 21. 7 2006 13. 7 8. 4 19. 5 2005 18. 0 7. 4 10. 1 2004 12. 7 8. 9. 9 2003 42. 9 7. 7 26. 0 2002 10. 8 8. 2 4. 1 Source: China Commerce Association for General Merchandise (CCAGM) Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 3 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 Despite poorer sales performance at the end of last year, growth momentum of department stores in China is showing some recent signs of picking up. With huge government initiatives to boost domestic consumption, the total retail sales of consumer goods grew by 15. 0% in the first half of 2009, according to the NBS. Consumer confidence in China is picking up as well. Department stores in China have undoubtedly benefited from China’s resilient retail sales growth; experts believe that growth in second half of 2009 will be even stronger. II. Operation modes of department stores in China Compared with many department stores operators in developed economies, which pay huge attention to differentiation and brand-building, department stores operators in China are often said to be acting like landlords – renting their floor space to concessionaires or tenants and paying little attention o differentiation. Department stores operators in China generate revenue from 1) commissions on concessionaire sales, 2) merchandise direct sales, 3) rental income from store tenants, and 4) management fee etc; and commissions from concessionaire sales are the predominant source of income. For instance, more than 70% of the revenue of Hong Kong-listed department stores operators such as Intime Department S tore ( (see Exhibit 4). Exhibit 4: Revenue breakdown of department store operations from selected companies, 2008 New World Intime Commissions from concessionaire sales Sale of goods direct sale Rental income Management fee income from the operation of department stores Source: Financial reports from respective companies ) and Golden Eagle Department Store ( ), come from the commissions on concessionaire sales Golden Eagle 71. 64% 26. 79% 1. 51% 0. 07% Department Store 68. 30% 15. 07% 5. 51% 11. 11% Parkson 56. 78% 37. 93% 4. 33% 0. 95% 70. 02% 23. 41% 4. 93% 1. 64% Concessionaire sales Under concessionaire arrangements, concessionaires are permitted to establish sales counters in designated areas with their own sales personnel and sell their branded merchandise. Department stores charge concessionaires a turnover commission, usually at a percentage of their total sales proceeds (see Exhibit 5). Usually there is a minimum commission based on the minimum turnover target, regardless of whether such target is achieved. Sales amount received from the concessionaire sales is first collected by the department store and later paid to the concessionaires after deducting relevant expenses, fees and commissions. Average payment settlement period ( ) for department stores is 45-60 days, while some can last for 90 days, according to Hong Kong Trade Development Council (HKTDC). For some smaller brands, payment settlement with department stores operators can pose cash flow pressure. Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 4 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 Exhibit 5: Average commission rate for different categories in department stores Product Category Clothes, shoes and leather goods Jewelry Gold Cosmetics Source: Hong Kong Trade Development Council Commission rate (Department Store: Concessionaire) 30:70 15:85 8:92 25:75 Generally, concessionaires are responsible for employing their own staff, but department stores operators often devise sets of detailed guidelines and rules of conduct in relation to the employment, assessment and training of the staff. Structured induction and training programs are offered to new recruits and staff in new stores in order to ensure service quality of department stores. Concessionaire arrangement allows department stores operators to lower inventory risk, as in the case of merchandise direct sales and the development of own store brands would involve. Merchandise direct sales Under direct sales arrangements, department stores purchase merchandise from suppliers and resell them in stores (e. g. merchandise at supermarket and home appliance sections). Those items are usually standardized with higher brand recognition, which are easier for operators to manage. Rental income from store tenants Some department stores also lease designated areas to operators of businesses that are complementary to the shopping experience at department stores, including restaurants, pharmacies and beauty salons etc. in order to offer onsumers an â€Å"one-stop shopping† experience. Fierce competition for floor space in department stores in China According to HKTDC, department stores operators usually require concessionaires to pay an average annual guarantee fee of 30,000 yuan to 80,000 yuan as the minimum entrance fee. There are many other miscellaneous fees to gain a place in department stores, which include advertising fee, promotion fee and ma nagement fee, etc. Concessionaires may also be requested to pay for renovation or move to other locations according to policies of department stores. Typically, brands with good market reputation and proven sales track record would have higher chance to secure a place in department stores. For brands that are new to China or lesser known in the market, entry is more difficult. One chief reason behind the so-called landlord phenomena is fierce competition for sales space in China; as brands rush to build their prominence, many department stores operators in China have little incentives to differentiate from competitors. The concessionaire agreements and supply agreements are typically reviewed every year. Department stores have right to terminate a concessionaire arrangement if the concessionaire does not perform well (e. g. , fail to meet its pre-agreed sales target for three consecutive months); thus department stores operators have lower risks in securing their income. Indeed, some consider differentiation, say nurturing their own store brands, costly and would not wish to take the risks such as bearing inventories. Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 5 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 III. Developments of market players The CCFA has released the ranking of â€Å"the top 100 retail chain operators in 2008† (the Top 100s) earlier this year. Among the Top 100s, there are 23 enterprises chiefly operating the department store format. With a 10% increase in number of stores, their sales value was up by 21% yoy in 2008. Selected enterprises are listed in Exhibit 6. Exhibit 6: Selected department stores operators among the Top 100s in China, 2008 Ranking among the Top 100s 3 5 11 Enterprise Bailian Group Co. , Ltd. Dalian Dashang Group Co. , Ltd. Chongqing Commerce (Group) Ltd. f which: ChongQing Department Store Co. , Ltd. : 14 15 20 Hefei Department Store Group Co. , Ltd. Shandong Commercial Group Corporation ( Limited 21 23 27 28 Wuhan Zhongbai Group Co. , Ltd. Liqun Group Shareholding Co. , Ltd. Changchun Eurasia Group Co. , Ltd. Beijing Wangfujing Department Store (Group) Co. , Ltd. 30 Parkson Retail Group Ltd. 10,691 18. 7 40 -2. 4 14,240 13,869 12,130 12,000** 25. 1 13. 3 21. 3 13. 2 630 866 1 8 17 10. 5 3. 1 63. 6 6. 3 ) 14,800** 5. 7 33 6. 5 New World Department Store China 19,400 18,716 23. 8 34. 8 125 164 26. 3 69. Chinese Mainland Chinese Mainland Hong Kong Chinese Mainland Chinese Mainland Chinese Mainland Chinese Mainland Malaysia Sales value* (million yuan) 94,329 62,555 26,255 8,236 yoy growth (%) 8. 3 24. 6 18. 4 18. 3 Number of stores* 6,418 150 294 115 yoy growth (%) -0. 6 3. 4 11. 8 16. 2 Place of origin Chinese Mainland Chinese Mainland Chinese Mainland Chinese Mainland * Value includes other formats of the department store operators ** Estimated value Source: China Chain Store and Franchise Association (CCFA) Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 6 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 The competitive landscape for department stores in China is highly fragmented with no significant market leader. For example, the Dalian Dashang Group ( ), a very strong department store player in northern China with 52 department stores in China in 2008, accounted for less than 1% of the total number of department stores in China, according to Euromonitor. In China, many department stores do not operate as chains but as single-store independents. Chain operation for department stores is not as popular as other retail formats such as supermarkets and hypermarkets. Indeed, many layers are active in restricted localities only. Foreign players tend to have wider national footprints; targeting the country’s high income class China approved the setting up of the first department store by foreign enterprises in 1992. Shanghai No. 1 Yaohan ( ) from Japan was the first foreign player setting foot in China. Over the past decade, foreign players have been expanding ag gressively in China. With better management expertise, most foreign department stores target China’s higher-income consumers. Today, a number of them have already developed an extensive national network. Different from most domestic counterparts, foreign players tend to have wider national footprints. Exhibit 7 demonstrates the store network of selected foreign players. Today, a number of foreign department stores operators have built their market recognition in China and are battling locals for market share. Hong Kong-based New World Department Store is an example. Having a national coverage of 17 cities, the operator has pursued the expansion strategies of â€Å"multiple presences in a single city† and â€Å"radiation cities† in order to dig deeper into the market. Today the department store operator has built their recognition successfully in cities such as Shenyang and Wuhan. The rationale behind such strategy is to build a critical mass in these cities so that it could expand its influence more easily. This also paves the way for the operator’s further expansion into nearby cities or provinces. Exhibit 7: Store locations of selected foreign department stores operators in China, as of July 2009 Department stores operators Parkson Retail Group Ltd. Place of origin Malaysia Store locations Anshan, Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Guiyang, Harbin, Hefei, Kuming, Mianyang, Nanchang, Nanning, Qingdao, Shanghai, Shantou, Shenyang, Taiyuan, Tianjin, Urmuqi, Wuxi, Xi’an, Yangzhou, Yantai, Yueyang, Zhengzhou, Zunyi New World Department Store China Ltd. Hong Kong Anshan, Beijing, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Harbin, Kunming, Lanzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Shanghai, Shenyang, Taizhou, Tianjin, Wuhan, Wuxi Aeon Group Far Eastern Group Isetan Co. Ltd Japan Taiwan Japan Beijing, Dongguan, Foshan, Guangzhou, Huizhou, Qingdao, Shenzhen, Yantai, Zhongshan, Zhuhai Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Shanghai, Tianjin Chengdu, Shanghai, Shenyang, Tianjin Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 7 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 Department stores operators Ito Yokado Lippo Group The Store Corp. Shin Kong Mitsukoshi Lotte Group Lifestyle International Holdings Ltd. Source: Company websites Place of origi n Japan Indonesia Malaysia Taiwan Korea Hong Kong Store locations Beijing, Chengdu Tianjin, Chengdu Jiaxing Beijing Beijing Shanghai The global financial turmoil has brought unprecedented challenges to consumer markets in many developed economies; while some foreign operators are becoming more conservative in their respective capital expenditure (for instance, Barneys New York Inc has shelved plans for expansion in Beijing), some others with stronger capital strength are accelerating expansion in emerging markets such as China to counter the depression in their home markets. For instance, the UK-based Marks Spencer has made its debut in China by opening a flagship store in Shanghai in October 2008. The Store Corp. ), one of the largest department stores operators in Malaysia, also announced their ) planned to invest US$42. 3 million to expansion plan in China. Japanese department store giant Takashimaya ( launch its first store in Shanghai in 2012. Domestic department stores operators mainly focus on regional markets With stronger local knowledge and connections as well as longer history, domestic operators tend to have stronger footholds in their respective cities of origin (see Exhibit 8). For instance, Dalian Dashang ( Eurasia ( ) and Changchun ) are very successful regional big names in northeast China. Besides, the fact that many domestic layers have already occupied prime locations gives them natural advantage. Nonetheless, when compared to their foreign counterparts, domestic enterprises tend to be more reluctant to expand to other regions, partly due to concerns over regional differences in consumer culture. Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 8 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 Exhibit 8: Department store locations of selected domestic department stores operators in China, as of July 2009 Company Intime Department Store (Group), Co. , Ltd. Golden Eagle Retail Group Ltd. Beijing Wangfujing Department Store (Group) Co. Ltd. Store locations Beijing, Ezhou, Hangzhou, Jinhua, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xi’an, Xiangfan, Xianning, Zhoushan Huaian, Kunmin g, Nanjing, Nantong, Suzhou, Taizhou, Yancheng, Yangzhou, Xi’an, Xuzhou Baotou, Beijing, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Hohhot, Kunming, Luoyang, Nanning, Taiyuan, Urumqi, Wuhan, Xining, Xuzhou Dalian Dashang Group Co. , Ltd. Dalian and 4 other cities in Liaoning, Daqing and 3 other cities in Heilongjiang, Yanji in Jilin, Kaifeng and 3 others cities in Henan, Chengdu and Zigong in Sichuan, Qingdao Maoye International Holdings Ltd. Beijing Xidan Department Store Co. , Ltd. Fujian Dongbai Group Co. , Ltd. Changchun Eurasia Group Co. , Ltd. Hangzhou Jiebai Group Co. , Ltd. Chengshang Group Co. , Ltd. Shandong Yinzuo Co. , Ltd. Hefei Department Store Group Co. , Ltd. Zhongnan Commercial (Group) Co. , Ltd. Wuhan Zhongbai Group Co. , Ltd. Guangzhou Friendship Group Co. , Ltd. Guangzhou Grandbuy Co. , Ltd. Source: Company websites Chongqing, Shenzhen, Wuxi, Zhuhai Beijing, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Xining, Urmuqi Fuzhou Changchun Hangzhou Chengdu, Mianyang Dongying, Jinan, Zibo Bengbu, Bozhou, Hefei, Huainan, Huangshan, Lu’an, Tong Ling Wuhan Wuhan Guangzhou, Nanning Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, Zhanjiang, Hengyang Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 9 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 A number of domestic players have received huge local government support with their state-owned background. For instance, Nanning Department Store Co. , Ltd. ( ) and Guangzhou Grandbuy are both state-owned. There have been sayings that state-owned department stores are often run less efficiently; these years, though, some have strived hard to improve their operations. For instance, Guangzhou Grandbuy has adopted the Stockholder Rights Plan in 2008, hoping to increase management’s incentives. Indeed, some industry experts believe that a number of state-owned department stores would find themselves hard to survive if they do not upgrade themselves. IV. Challenges As mentioned, department stores in China have witnessed some challenges over the past year. Besides macroeconomic slowdown, there are some other factors hindering the growth of department stores in China. First of which is that many department store players in China have immature operation and management mindsets. Due to the huge market demand of department store floor space in China, many operators have been quite passive in their operation strategy and do not feel the need to differentiate from the rest. Unlike in some developed markets, where many department stores operators have paid huge attention to brand management, such as through unique product assortment and developing private labels to enhance shopping experiences, department stores in China are often said to be acting like â€Å"landlords†. Commission and rental income are the major revenue sources for many. Few department stores have focused on differentiation and brand building. Besides, heavy initial capital outlays, lack of experience in sourcing, long nurturing period for own store brands are also common concerns. In recent years, many department stores in China have frequently reviewed and reshuffled their merchandise portfolio to improve their income. However, the problem of having highly similar brand and tenant mix is still very common. The fact that the market is crowded with a large number of undifferentiated players has made many resorted to price competition to boost sales, especially during more difficult times. Last year, many players have held aggressive promotional activities (e. g. buy-200-get-100 campaigns, anniversary sales events, issuing coupons) to attract footfalls. Discount-driven promotions are hurting companies’ same-store-sales growth and eroding their margins. On the other hand, competition from other format retailers is not to be ignored. According to the NBS, the share of department stores has dropped from 14% in 2003 to 10. 14% in 2007. Specialty stores, in particular, are posing great challenges to department stores as they offer brand owners more flexibility in operations – e. . , brand owners can have more say in product ranges and offerings, store layout designs, thus can better deliver their brand message across. Indeed, Chinese consumers also growingly favor specialty stores as they usually deliver more unique shopping experiences and offer better service levels. Last but not least, many department stores operators have embarked on rapid expansion over t he past years; retail cannibalization has hurt many retailers’ profit margins. Competition is the fiercest in the eastern coastal regions. As a result, many have slowed down their store expansion and put more focus on enhancing same store sales performance, say revamping old stores. Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 10 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 V. Recent developments 1. Lower-tier cities as the expansion focus In view of fierce competition in first-tier cities, many department stores are eyeing the opportunities in China’s lower-tier cities. Indeed, according to AT Kearney, middle class population in China’s second- and third-tier cities will account for 75% of the country’s total in 2017. Although consumers in lower-tier cities are currently much less affluent than those in first-tier cities, their consumption power is growing fast. In view of this, many department stores operators are viewing lower-tier cities as their major expansion focus. For example, Dashang Group has opened new department stores in Kaifeng, Xinyang and Xinxiang in 2008, all of which are lower-tier cities in Henan province; Guangzhou Grandbuy also planned to expand into lower-tier cities including Jieyang and Huizhou in Guangdong province and Chengdu in Sichuan province during 2009. Nonetheless, China is known to be a heterogeneous marketplace and adaptation to local tastes is the key for success. There are already many regional players with strongholds in local markets and have already occupied stores in better locations, making new entries challenging. For instance, Intime Department Store, a successful player in Hangzhou, faced fierce competition with local players when expanding into both Beijing and Wuhan. Beijing Wangfujing Department Store ( ) also quitted Nanning in 2008 after three years of operation. . Department stores operators focus on upgrading and differentiation The department store sector in China is crowded with many undifferentiated players. Today, a growing number of department stores operators are beginning to reinvent themselves in order to differentiate from rivals. Some department stores now adjust merchandise mix more frequently at each local store by monitoring consumer preferences, consumption patterns, spending power and level of comp etition. Some others also seek to â€Å"rebrand† to target specific segments. For example, New World Department Store has embarked on a new dual-concept stores initiative to â€Å"rebrand† its stores to â€Å"Fashion Gallery† or â€Å"Living Gallery† stores. â€Å"Fashion Gallery† focuses on the concept of â€Å"mix-and-match† with the introduction of exclusive private label brands and trendy products; while â€Å"Living Gallery† will introduce more leisure elements with 30% of gross floor area dedicated to dining and leisure services. On the other hand, some operators have upgraded their shop floors to attract more established brands. This is particularly true for the lower floors of the department stores; many operators hope to ride the consumer upgrade trend in China and attract more luxury brands to take up their space has been rising. Many department stores operators have also strived hard to improve customer loyalty, say, expanding VIP customer base. Some have collaborated with banks to issue co-branded credit cards. Credit card co-launched by New World Department Stores and Bank of Communications Co. , Ltd is a case in point. Holders of VIP membership cards and cobranded credit cards can enjoy discounts with their purchases. VIP customers can also accumulate gift points and exchange for selected merchandise in stores. Li Fung Research Centre Member of the Li Fung Group 11 China Distribution Trading Issue 61 July 2009 3. Growing attention to transform merchandising practices As Chinese consumers become more sophisticated, more and more are looking for unique shopping experience. There is growing attention for department stores operators to improve merchandise mix and assortment such as through launching private label brands or increase direct merchandising. For example, Intime Department Store has collaborated with Shenzhen Espresso ( ) to exclusively launch its Justin Time female fashion brand in 2007. The entry of Marks Spencer in 2008 also introduces Chinese consumers the concept of buying private label products. Some department stores operators in China, such as Vans Department Store ( ), are learning from their foreign counterparts and have started training their own merchandisers to bring consumers more exciting merchandise portfolio. However, the nurture period, capital outlays, and inventory risks are still some major concerns. It is believed that more and more department stores operators will experiment with new merchandising practices, but the transformation will be gradual. 4. Export-oriented manufacturers pay growing attention to domestic market brings new potential for department stores operators to expand merchandise mix As China’s exports shrink amid global economic woes, the domestic market is winning the attention of many exportoriented manufacturers. For the first time ever, China’s largest trade exhibition Canton Fair, which traditionally targets only overseas buyers, held a session targeting domestic retailers in end-April this year. Department stores operators in China such as Beijing Wangfujing Department Store and Dalian Dashang Group attended the fair. The made-to-export products, which are usually with higher quality as they need to comply with western quality standards, are reportedly to be very wellreceived. Many believe

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Dye is a natural or synthetic materials that can add a specific colour onto the material that are applied to. Every year more than 10 000 types of dye are produced around the world and are used in different types of industries (Malakootian et al., 2015). The application of dye used widely from food industry to textile industry with the biggest consumer of dye is textile industry. This industry is known to be the one of the main contributor of industrial wastewater pollution and it is the most polluting of all the industrial sector. 10-50% of the dye will end up in the effluent (Axelsson et al., 2006). Dye are significantly toxic and mutagenic that poses hazard to aquatic life and living organism. One of example of dye is methylene blue (MB) that are an important aromatic compound with chemical formula of C16H18ClN3S. Large amount of this dye are released in the water sources and according to Malakootian et al. (2015) it is more importance removing dye from textile wastewater than tre ating other colourless organic and inorganic because only a small amount of dye can affect the water quality and colour. Various treatment method introduce to removes dye from textile wastewater such as physical, chemical and biological but it is not effective due to complex chemical structure that lead to resistant to this type of treatment other than the treatment cost. Thus, it is important to find other alternative process of removal of dye. Currently, the most known method to treat textile wastewater is by using adsorption process method because of it has more advantages compared to traditional method especially in environmental aspects and its ease of operation, cost effectiveness, biodegradability as well as greater efficiency. In order to carry out the adsorption, the main important thing is the adsorbent. According to Malakootian et al. (2015) the most typical adsorbent used for adsorption treatment for the removal of dyes from coloured water or wastewater, but due to its high production, regeneration and reactivation procedures cost research has been concentrated on alternative adsorbents with high adsorptive capacity and low cost such as mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN). These adsorbents have high efficiency due to their high surface area, high mechanical properties and good resistivity to thermal degradation, and they exist in several structures and amphoteric properties. 1.2 Problem Statement The wastewater from textile contain high concentration of dye. So it required for the effluent from the industry to undergo treatment. Wastewater resulting from these industries is generally characterize by high COD, pH, dissolved solid temperature and dye and surfactant content. Dye also can be toxic to environment because of its chemical properties. In order to treat effluent from textile industry that contain high percentage of dye, various method introduced and used. Examples of the methods are physical, chemical, biological, membrane separation, radiation, electrochemical, advanced oxidation, photolysis, electrochemical, sonolysis processes, etc. However, these methods are relatively ineffective because most dyes as azo reactive dyes are highly water soluble, have complex structures, and are stable to light, chemical and biological degradation, etc. Furthermore, these methods have certain disadvantages such as high capital and operational costs, secondary sludge disposal problems and the release of large volumes of toxic by-products (Malakootian et al., 2015). Among all these methods, adsorption is the best method because of its advantages and the best adsorbents is by using nanotechnology method such as Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle. It is because it has high adsorptive capacity and low cost. 1.3 Objectives of Study The objectives of the study can be outlined as follows: To prepare Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle (MSN) from bagasse ash To characterize the physicochemical properties of MSN. To study the potential of MSN as an environmental adsorbent in wastewater treatment 1.4 Research Scope The research is to investigate the effluent of low cost adsorbent materials which is Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle (MSN) from bagasse ash as the adsorbent to remove the Methylene Blue. The MSN are prepared from Sol-Gel Method and then Hydrothermal Synthesis by using formaldehyde, water and without formaldehyde and water. The MSN will be characterize and will be subjected to: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the major functional chemical groups present in the silica Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to determine the average particle size and the morphology of the materials. 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The bad effect of water contamination will affect everything in this world such as human, animals and plants. It is because water is the main elements to support all living things and earth. Nearly all of water contamination is caused by human activities. Apart from human activities, water contamination is also caused by natural waste. From long time ago, the water contamination is studied by researcher. There are many technique and method to treat and remove contaminants in the waste water. It is for preserving both human and the environment in this world. Among all contaminant in water, dye is one of the contaminant that exist in the water. The waster that contain dye is mainly from industry that related to textile industry, plastic and paper. It contain up to 10% of used dye. It is proven that dye is dangerous to all living things due to its harmful behaviour of dye molecules and their metabolites is significant for the development of strategies to diminish their desperate damaging impacts (Hebbar, Isloor, Zulhairun, Sohaimi Abdullah, Ismail, 2017). In addition to having harmful adverse effect, the presence of colour in water is visually unpleasant and can destroy the entire ecosystem. One of the most effective method to overcome the problem of effluent water containing dye is by using adsorption technique. It has been proven to be very effective by many researchers. This is because adsorption method offers more advantages compared to other method especially in environmental aspects and its ease of operation, cost effectiveness, biodegradability as well as greater efficiency. 2.2 Dyes Dyes are produced all over the world with approximately 10 000 different type of dyes produced per year and it has been used extensively in so many industries. Most common industry that utilizing dye is textile industry and estimated to utilize around 7 ÃÆ'- 105 1 ÃÆ'- 106 tons (Malakootian et al., 2015). Dyes are used to dye a textile products, fur products, and others. Dye can be originated mainly from vegetables and also animal sources. There also the existence of synthetic dye that replacing the natural sources. The main function of dye are to add colour to a certain materials such as textile. Dye are also generally utilized as part of industry such as rubber, paper, cosmetic etc. Among these different industry, textile industry positions first in utilization of dyes for colouring of fiber. The dye are constantly left as major waste in these industries. Because of their compound structure, dyes are impervious to fading on presentation of light, water and numerous chemicals and this manner are hard to be decolorized once discharged into the nature or aquatic environment. Basically, dyes are ionising and aromatic compound. Inside the dyes, there are chromophores present in them. Based on their structures of the dyes, it has aryl rings that has delocalised electron systems. These structures are said to be responsible for the adsorption of electromagnetic radiation that has varying wavelengths, based upon the energy of the electron clouds. Dye can influence aquatics life, human wellbeing and environmental framework when dye wastewaters are greatly released wastewater into water sources due to complex compound in the dye. It has big complicated molecular structure and harmful properties. It in the end rolls out improvements of ecological system and other serious pollution issues. Dye wastewaters can contain harmful organic residue with the significant mixes of phenol derivatives, aniline derivatives, organic acid and benzene derivatives (Likhar Shivramwar, 2013) 2.2.1 Classification of Dye Dyes can be characterized into a few classes as per their utilization, for example, reactive, disperse, direct, vat, sulphur, cationic, acid and solvent dyes. The classification of dyes according their application is as shown in table 2.1. Table 2.1: General dyes classification and its application (Hunger, 2003) Class Principal Substrate Application Chemical Types Acid Dyes Nylon, Wool, Silk, Paper, Inks and Leather Usually from neutral to acidic dyebaths Azo (including premetallised), antraquinone, triphenylmethane, azine, xanthene, nitro and nitroso Cationic (Basic Dyes) Paper, Polyacrylonitrile, Modified Nylon, Polyester and Inks Applied Applied from acidic dyebaths cyanine, hemicyanine, diazahemicyanine, diphenylmethane, triarylmethane, azo, azine, xanthene, acridine, oxanine and anthraquinone cotton, Direct Dyes Cotton, Rayon, Paper, Leather and Nylon Applied from neutral or slightly alkaline baths containing additional electrolyte Azo, phthalocyanine, stilbene and oxanine Dispersed Dyes Polyester, Polyamide, Acetate, Acrylic and Plastics Fine aqueous dispersions often applied by high temperature/ pressure or lower temperature carrier methods; dye may be padded on cloth and baked on or thermofixed Azo, anthraquinone, styryl, nitro and benzodifuranone Reactive Dyes Cotton, Wool, Silk and Nylon Reactive site on dye reacts with functional group on fiber to bind dye covalently under influence of heat and pH (alkaline) Solvent Azo, anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, formazan, oxanine Solvent Dyes Plastics, Gasoline, Varnishes Lacquers, Stains, Inks, Fats, Oils and Waxes Dissolution in the substrate Azo, triphenylmethane, anthraquinone and phthalocyanine cotton Sulphur Dyes Cotton and Rayon Aromatic substrate vatted with sodium sulphide and reoxidised to insoluble sulphur- containing products on fiber Indeterminate structure Vat Dyes Cotton, Rayon and Wool Water-insoluble dyes Solubilised by reducing with Sodium hydrogensulphide, then exhausted on fiber and Reoxidised Anthraquinone (including polycyclic quinines) and indigoids Synthetic dye are being used extensively used in different dyeing industry with textile is leading industry that utilize it with 56% of world dye production annually. Its effluent contain critical level of organic contaminants, which are toxic as it will create odour, bad taste, unsightly colour, foaming, etc. These substances are often resistant to degradation by biological methods and are not removed effectively by conventional physico-chemical treatment methods. Removal of these dyes from effluents in an economic fashion remains a major problem for textile industries. 2.2.2 Methylene Blue Methylene Blue (MB) or also known as Methylthioninium Chloride was first synthesized at 1876 by a German Chemist, Heinrich Caro. Paul Guttman and Paul Ehrlich used MB in the treatment of Malaria dieses in 1891. During that time also, the function of MB as a dye were discovered and were used in First World War as a biological weapon and partially staining the soldiers. MB has many uses in different field, For instance, chemists use it to detect oxidizing agents and biologists use it to stain tissue samples and detect nucleic acids. In medicine, it is used as a treatment for various illnesses and disorders, including methemoglobinemia, schizophrenia, kidney stones, and herpes infections. In aquaculture, it is used to prevent freshwater fish eggs from being infected by bacteria and fungi (Methylene blue New World Encyclopedia, 2014) In term of dye application only, MB a basic blue dye used for dyeing silk, leather, plastics, paper, and cotton mordant with tannin as well as for the production of ink and copying paper in the office supplies industry. The release of this dye to earth is troubling for both toxicological and aesthetical reasons as dye hinder light infiltration, harm the nature of the accepting streams and are toxic to food chain organisms. The dye has a synthetic origin and complex aromatic molecular structures, it is an inactive and hard to biodegrade when released into waste streams. This perspective has dependably been neglected in their discharge. The removal of synthetic dye is of incredible worry since a few dyes and their degradation products might be cancer-causing agents and poisonous and, thus, their treatment cannot rely on upon biodegradation alone. Table 2.2: Properties of Methylene Blue (MB) METHYLENE BLUE IUPAC name 7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene]-dimethylazanium;chloride Properties Molecular formula C16H18ClN3S Molar mass 319.86 g/mol Density 43 600 mg/L at 25 Â °C Melting point 100 ÂÂ °C Boiling Point Decomposes Odour Odourless Solubility in water Soluble in ethanol, chloroform; slightly soluble in pyridine; insoluble in ethyl ether Adapted from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/methylene_blue#section=WIPO-IPC 2.2.3 Technologies for Dye Removal Dye are used widely in all sector to colour their product. In order to colour the product large amount of dye is used. Apart to colour their product the dye also been used as paper, and plastic. This will result in large amount of effluent containing dye as contaminant into the nature. According to study conducted by Axelsson et al. (2006), 10 50 % of the dye used in industry will go to effluent because of the dye molecule might react with hydroxyl ions in the solution giving rise to even more water-soluble hydrolysed molecules. Because of the good solubility of dye in water it will endangered the nature. It is also reported by Sapawe et al. (2012) that 15 % of the total world production of dyes is released in textile industry. This proves that from out of 7ÃÆ'-105 tons of effluent produce large number of dye is discharges as wastewater. Without further treatment to the effluent containing dye contaminant, it can cause extreme problems if not treated legitimately because of dyes are harmful, toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic to human life as well to another living organism (Sapawe et al., 2012). To treat the dye so many method had been introduced and the best method reported by Malakootian et al. (2015), is by using adsorption method and supported by Marrakchi, Ahmed, Khanday, Asif, Hameed (2017) due to some advantages. From all types of treatment, it can be classified into three categories which are divided for the technologies which are physical, chemical and biological. However, it is hard to treat the dye because of their synthetic origin and mainly complex aromatic structure. All of these technologies possess pros and cons. 2.2.3.1 Physical and Chemical Treatment There are numerous method falls under physical and chemical treatment such as anion exchange resins, cogulations, flotation, electroflotation, electrochemical destruction, irradiation, Ozonation,adsorption, and the use of activated carbon. Physical and chemical treatment is far more effective than biological treatment in decolourizing dye but it will use more energy, chemicals, and biological process hence increasing the capital cost for the treatment (Miao, 1992). Apart from that, it will lead to secondary sludge disposal problems and the release of large volumes of toxic by-products (Malakootian et al., 2015). 2.2.3.2 Biological Treatment Biological have three stages or phases. It is because before the effluent arriving to the biological phase, it will go through some physical and chemical treatment. For comparison to the physical and chemical method, physical and chemical treatment will treated physically or chemically without going through another phases. It is reported by Malakootian et al. (2015) that biological treatment is in effective in decolorizing water because most dyes as azo reactive dyes are highly water soluble, have complex structures, and are stable to light, chemical and biological degradation. The example of biological treatment are fungal biodegradation, bacteria biodegradation, yeast biodegradation, and microbial biosorption, Biological treatment has lower capital cost compared to physical treatment and chemical treatment (Miao, 1992). 2.3 Decolorizing of Dyes by Adsorption Process Absorption has been proved as the best method for treatment wastewater containing dye. It offers noteworthy advantages over customary treatment techniques particularly from the environmental perspective and its simplicity of operation and also more prominent efficiency. Some adsorbents, which are utilized for the expulsion of dye from aqueous solutions with differing achievement include activated carbon, magnesium oxide grafted chitosan, modified bentonite, TiO2 powder, TiO2 nanotube and others. Among all these materials, activated carbon is a standout amongst the most much of the time adsorbents utilized for the removal of dye from coloured waters and wastewaters, yet because of its high generation, recovery and reactivation procedure cost, research has been concentrated on alternative adsorbents with high adsorptive capacity and low cost. Therefore, recently there has been a lot of attention toward using nanotechnology methods. Nowadays using nanomethods, especially by using Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle, The large surface area allows for binding at a great number of active sites distributed within the framework of the porous materials. The large pores can overcome the pore-diffusion limitation and provide high-speed pathways for gas molecules (Rahman et al., 2015). Apart from that, it is reported that, Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle which is synthesized from natural sources claimed to safe in handling, cheap and can be generated from cheap resources (Norsuraya et al., 2016) which is bagasse ash in this case. Due to this advantages, the usage and studies regarding Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle increase exponentially as adsorbent. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The aim of this study is to synthesis Mesoporous silica from bagasse ash by using green route and to study the performance of the Mesoporous silica in wastewater treatment by utilizing aqueous methylene blue as the wastewater. The mesoporous silica is prepared by carrying out combustion of bagasse to produce bagasse ash and then using Sol-Gel method to make gel from the bagasse ash. The product of Sol-Gel method will undergo hydrothermal synthesis by using formaldehyde, water and without formaldehyde and water to synthesis Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle (MSN). The MSN produced will be characterize by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The performance study for wastewater treatment to treat aqueous methylene blue by using MSN will be test under four parameter which is the effect of pH, effect of MSN dosage, effect of initial concentration of the dye, and effect of temperature. The research methodology is summarized in the research flow chart in Figure 3.1 below. 3.2 Material and Methods In this study there are six stages of preparations and experiment. Which are the preparation of bagasse ash, preparation of silica gel from bagasse ash, production of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle (MSN), characterization of the MSN, Performance study of MSN and characterization of treated wastewater. 3.2.1 Preparation of Bagasse ash The material, apparatus and glassware needed for this stage as shown in table 3.1 Table 3.1: List of Materials, Glassware and Apparatus Materials Apparatus Sugarcane Bagasse Oven Furnace Sugarcane Bagasse can be collected from sugarcane juice hawker at Tampin, Negeri Sembilan. First step need to be taken is to cut the bagasse in small pieces and boil the bagasse to remove the remaining sugar in the bagasse, after that the bagasse need to be wash and rinse by using distilled water to remove impurities. After that, the bagasse will be subjected to oven drying process at 70Â °C 80 Â °C for 24 hours. To obtain ash from the bagasse, combustion are to be carried out in furnace at 800 Â °C for 3 hours at heating rate of 10 Â °C/min. The ash need to be collected and labelled as Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA). 3.2.2 Preparation of Silica Gel from Bagasse Ash (Sol-Gel Method) The material, apparatus and glassware needed for this stage as shown in table 3.2 Table 3.2: List of Materials, Glassware and Apparatus for Sol-Gel Method Materials Apparatus SBA Erlenmeyer Flask 1M Lye Solution (NaOH) (1 litre) Stirrer Distilled Water Beaker 1M Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) Pipette (25 ml capacity) pH meter Boil 30g of Bagasse Ash and 1 L of 1M Lye Solution (NaOH) in Erlenmeyer flask for 1 hour with a constant stirring to dissolves the silica and produce a sodium silicate solution. Filter the solution through whatman No. 41 ashless filter paper and wash the residue with boiled distilled water. Let the filtrate to cool to room temperature. Reduce the pH of the solution to pH 7 by using 1M Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) by using titration method and constant stirring. When gel form from the solution from the solution, age it for approximately 18 hours. After the ageing, gently broke the gel and centrifuge at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. Discard the supernatant and transfer the gel into a beaker and dry for 11-13 hours at 80Â °C to produce xerogels. Wash with deionized water to remove minerals and impurities from the silica 3.2.3 Production of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle (Hydrothermal Synthesis) The material, apparatus and glassware needed for this stage as shown in table 3.3 Table 3.3: List of Materials, Glassware and Apparatus for Hydrothermal Synthesis Materials Apparatus Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) Conical Flask Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) Stirrer Distilled Water Beaker Microwave Mix 0.64 g of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 30 ml formaldehyde solution (37 wt %) in 100 ml closed conical flask and stir at 27Â °C for 5 minutes. Quickly add 2.8 ml NH4OH and stir for 30 minutes. Add 2.8 ml of silica prepared in Sol-Gel method and stir vigorously for 24 hours. Transfer the mixture to 100 ml beaker and place it in microwave at 800 Watt for 30 minutes. Filter the product and wash with deionize water and dried it overnight at 60Â °C. Calcinate the dried product in air at 540Â °C for 3 hours to remove surfactants in order to obtain MSNs. Repeat all step by replacing formaldehyde with water and without formaldehyde. The product form is Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle (MSN). 3.2.4 Characteriza

Examples of Discipleship Essay

I believe that Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Christian Aid are two prime examples of discipleship in this century, Bonhoeffer as an individual and Christian Aid as an organisation. Bonhoeffer was a German preacher born in 1906 to a medical professor and his wife in Breslau, a small town. From an early age he wanted to serve God, and so he studied theology at university and taught and preached in both Germany and America. He returned to his homeland in 1933 to protest against the newly elected Nazi party, and joined the new Confessing Church, having rejected his previous Protestant church for bowing to Hitler’s demands. He worked in a secret training centre for new pastors, run by the confessing church, for four years, as the Gestapo closed it down in 1937. After that, and with the signs of the oppression soon to be felt by the German people becoming clearer, Bonhoeffer took a more active role in his campaigning against the Nazis, eventually leading him to a cell in a prison and the hangman’s noose in 1945. One of the main tenants of Christian discipleship is Jesus’ teaching on the mountain: pacifism and love for enemies. Bonhoeffer was an avid believer in these ideals, and wrote his still-relevant book, The Cost of Discipleship, based around those thoughts. He interpreted the maxim of â€Å"If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also† as a call for pacifism and working out disagreements by reasoning rather than force. But Bonhoeffer was forced to challenge his own morals when the news of the violent anti-Semitism ignited by Hitler spread and several of his friends joined the German resistance. Most of those opposed to the Nazis saw that the only way to end the suffering caused by Hitler was to kill him. Public meetings were banned, and the press were heavily censored. The huge propaganda departments of the government would not allow any attempt by Bonhoeffer to spread his Christian teaching. So Bonhoeffer felt that he could be quiet, and wait until the war finished, and congratulate those that ended it, or he could play an active role in a plot to kill Hitler. Firstly he helped smuggle Jews out of Germany, but was caught and forced to give up any legitimate teaching. Forsaking any hope of reaching a peaceful end to the conflict, Bonhoeffer helped the bomb plot to assassinate Hitler. When it failed he was incarcerated, and he contemplated his deviance from Christian law. Bonhoffer had to make, on his own, one of the main questions that hangs over all belief systems: Whether the moment dictates what a person should do, or if people should always keep constant what they believe in. In his case it was between fighting evil and helping those in need or staying true to his pacifist roots. He chose to take a drastic step against some of Christ’s teachings to implement others, leading to his arrest and execution. This inevitable question still hangs over the church, and a viable answer has yet to be suggested. Christian Aid is a charity funded by numerous churches in the UK and Ireland. Although it is funded and staffed by Christians, Christian Aid will support any people in need, regardless of religion or race, and does not attempt to convert those it helps to Christianity. Although it combats poverty and need immediately and continually in global trouble areas, it also tries too stop poverty at it’s root, and was a large part of the ‘Jubilee 2000†² campaign to abolish third world debt. Christian aid has interpreted Jesus’ teaching on Discipleship and concentrated on the aid and help parts of his teaching. It would look to examples from his life: â€Å"When the sun was setting, the people brought to Jesus all who had various kinds of sickness, and laying hands on each one, he healed them† (Luke 4:40) This sort of passage, frequent in the gospels, shows that Jesus cared greatly for the needy, rejecting the idea that they somehow ‘deserved’ their punishment, and was not afraid to get dirty and ritually ‘unclean’ to help. In the same way, Christian Aid was set up by Christians who do not judge those they help, and will go to any lengths to re-enact Christ’s good work. They also follow the teaching laid down by Jesus in his parables, such as the parable of the Good Samaritan: â€Å"He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own Donkey, brought him to an Inn and took care of him.† (Luke 10:34) The idea of this parable, where one man steps in where others fear to tread, inspires Christian Aid a lot, as they are physically helping the needy of the world while other members of society just stand back and watch, sometimes nodding approvingly. They see this following of Jesus as being true to one of Jesus’ main teachings, â€Å"Love your neighbour as yourself† And seek to harmonise the lot of people around the world by abolishing suffering through war, poverty and disasters. As Christian Aids motto goes; â€Å"We believe in life before Death†, Christian Aid is rejecting the traditional view of the churches preaching yet not acting, and are playing an active role in the reduction of suffering. They see Jesus’ message not just as an instruction to put up with life until you die, but also as a chance to help the needy, and prove before God their faith as Christians.

Aos: Power – Lord of the Flies

Related Text â€Å"Lord of the flies† 1. Summarize the main ideas/themes of the text. * The loss of innocence * The invariable corruption of power * Savagery vs. Civilization * The reality of betrayal * ————————————————- The influence fear has on people ————————————————- Power is often a source of violence in  Lord of the Flies. The desire for power breaks down the boundaries set by rules and order, causes strife and competition, and governs the actions of many of the boys on the island.Once achieved, power has the ability to either improve or corrupt its holder. Ralph, the more noble of the two leaders on the island, is bettered by his position as chief; whereas Jack, the usurper, abuses his power for personal gain. ————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- There are several themes in â€Å"Lord of the flies†, including innocence, rules and order, fear, power, identity and religion. The text shows the audience to be more self-critical, that the fact not to believe in a good side of a human being and the fight for important values is what separates the human being from animals.The central theme of the text, Lord of the Flies, is power. The different aspects of power shown, is the invariable corruption of power, the reality of betrayal and the influence of fear. In the text, Jack is the antagonist, his like a dictator; he uses fear to control the boys on the island and manipulates them and uses them to his own advantage such as to get food and shelter. Jack uses a story of a non-existent beast to manipulate the other boys to follow his orders/ commands. The reason why the boys follow him and sees him as a leader is because he promised †˜protection from the beast’.A quote in the text that talks about the beast: â€Å"Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill! You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you? Close, close, close! I’m the reason why it’s no go? Why things are what they are? † 2. What does this text tell us about power? ————————————————- Power is often a source of violence in  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lord of the Flies†. In Lord of the Flies the idea of power is expressed this way, imagine a world where there were no rules, no laws, and no government to oversee the running of the country.The desire for power breaks down the boundaries set by rules and order, causes strife and competition, and governs the actions of many of the boys on the island. Once achieved, power has the ability to either improve or corrupt its holder. Ralph, the more noble of t he two leaders on the island, is bettered by his position as chief; whereas Jack, the usurper, abuses his power for personal gain. This shows us two different sides of power. ————————————————- Power is often used as a source of violence in the text, â€Å"Lord of the Flies†.The idea of power is expressed differently; imagine a world where there were no rules, no laws, and no government to oversee the running of the country. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, to gain power was competitive which meant strife. The desire for power breaks down the boundaries set by rules and order. Being the leader meant governing a group of boys on an island. Whenever power is achieved, power was either improved or corrupted on the leader. For example, Ralph and Jack were leaders for separates groups of boys on the island, the boys had their own choice on who they wanted to follow.It was between Ralph, the more noble of the two leaders, who was the more acceptable or bettered as being ‘chief’ (leader) and coordinated the boys to build a miniature civilization on the island, and Jack, the usurper, who used fear and manipulation to abuse his power for personal gain. It was discussed amongst the boys, â€Å"Which is better–to have laws and agree, or to hunt and kill? † With one side that showed freedom and equality, the other was a dictatorship, the text showed two very different sides of power. 3.Comment on the film techniques employed by the composer of this text. How do they contribute to the meaning of Power in the text? Brook's film opens with a very creepy montage consisting of pictures of a British boarding school intercut with planes flying over London with a haunting school chorus playing in the background. Brook's use of grainy black-and-white photography, plus the lack of any comprehensive musical score (remember Tom Hanks' â⠂¬Å"Castaway†? ), accentuates the bleakness of its surroundings and feelings of isolation.The movie can hardly be expected to capture fully every single intention of this highly complex novel (most don't), but it does respect Golding's words and captures the very essence of what he wanted to say. For that alone it should be applauded. Brook is able to compose beautiful sad visuals. ***SPOILERS*** These include the kinetic editing during the hunt for Ralph, Simon's dead body floating in the water arranged by the sad school chorus (depressing moment), Piggy's tragic demise that puts the 1990s remake laughable mirrored scene to shame, and the very scary feast that occurs at night followed by the dance.That scene, consisting of quick images, scary close-ups on the savages painted faces ————————————————- It is disturbing, haunting, and visually wonderful. —— ——————————————- In Peter Brook’s film, â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, released in 1963 was a black and white film. Although it was black and white film, it’s underrated and it’s still a classic, this is preferably better than the new remakes of this film. Some scenes are considered as disturbing and haunting but visually wonderful.Brook uses a very creepy montage in the opening scene showing pictures of a British boarding school with planes flying over London and a haunting school chorus playing in the background. Brooke uses grainy black and white photography and emphasizes the bleakness of its surroundings to create a feeling of isolation, which relates to a feeling of savagery vs. civilization. With Brook being able to compose beautiful sad visuals, he is able create the scene of Piggy’s tragedy with quick images, scary closer-up shots on the savages pai nted faces of the hunters (Jack’s tribe).This scene shows influence of fear, the invariable corruption of power/ losing control and a sense of savagery vs. civilization. 4. How does this text relate to your prescribed text i. e. George Orwell’s Animal Farm? Link each text by exploring three common aspects of Power. * well the power in the  lord of the flies  is jack's rise to control and leadership. he leads an army of corrupt boys who carry out his evil orders (set the island on fire, orders to kill ralph, etc. ) * in animal farm, napoleon takes the power from snowball and forms a dictatorship. e also has minions such as the dogs who carry out his tasks and corrupt orders. ————————————————- Ralph represents a democracy while Jack represents a totalitarian form of leadership. lead the boys into savagery   —————— ——————————- Want power, Greed or selfishness bring the destruction of the societies, ————————————————- In Animal Farm the animals hated the humans and were scared that they might take back the farm. Napoleon uses it as an excuse to keep the animals working.In Lord for the Flies the littluns are afraid of the â€Å"beast†. When Jack, Ralph, and Roger went and saw the beast, which is a parachute and a man, the biguns also got scared. ————————————————- The pigs took control and the other animals were in worst condition than they were in when the humans were in control. The boys ended up disagreeing and killing each other ————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- â€Å"Lord of the flies† is very similar to the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell. They relate with a common theme of power.However, both are from different context but written for the same reason, â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is a story of humanity from a navy officer, which served in WWII, while Animal Farm is based on the Russian Revolution. The plot, the characters and the symbols are very similar. Three common aspects of power in these texts is the want of power, the control of power, the reality of betrayal. The antagonist in each text, both want power and used a belief to manipulate the others. In Animal Farm Napoleon tells the other animals to hate the humans and they were scared that the humans might take the farm back.Whereas in â€Å"Lord of the flies†, Jack tells the littleuns that there is a ‘beast’ on the island and if they worked for him, he would provide them with protection. A nother aspect is the control of power, in Animal Farm Napoleon takes the power from Snowball and forms a dictatorship. He uses the other animals to work for him, such as the dogs that carry out his tasks and corrupt orders. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, Jack rises to control and leadership. He carries out an army of corrupt boys to carry out his evil orders, similar to Animal Farm. Both Napoleon and Jack represent totalitarian forms of leadership.And lastly, the reality of betrayal was common in both texts. In Animal Farm the pigs had started to become like humans, wearing clothes, sleeping in beds, drinking alcohol and playing cards with humans in the farm house. The other animals saw them through a window and couldn’t tell whether they were pigs anymore or humans. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, Jack starts his own tribe with his hunters, the littleuns, he went to steal Piggy’s glasses, but Ralph went to look for it, then suddenly Jack stabs Ralph in the ba ck, but luckily Ralph survived.